Psychological Ghosts and Doppelgängers to 1945 |
| —introduction —Psychological Ghosts —The Doppelgänger —Criticism —Select Interdisciplinary Sources —Sources Consulted |
|
The conception of this project
occurred one day while I was looking back over the many essays I've written
over the years. Though the subjects ranged, I noticed one that I kept coming
back to: the psychological manifestation of ghosts and doppelgängers in gothic
literature. My introduction to this phenomenon (and probably the best-known
instance of it in literature) was Henry James's The Turn of the Screw, in which a governess in charge
of two children begins to see the ghosts of their former guardians. The tale,
written during the emergence of Freud's theories of repressed sexuality, gives
numerous clues that the governess (a woman who had been sheltered from contact
with men for much of her life) is manifesting her fears of sexuality as the
ghosts she thinks are returning to tempt the children. The revelation of the underlying
psychology of James' story led to similar discoveries in Poe's stories and
Gilman's The Yellow
Wallpaper, continuing to more contemporary examples such as
Shirley Jackson's The
Haunting of Hill House and novel and film Fight Club, almost a case
study of Julian Jaynes' Bicameral Mind Theory in which the main character's id
projects as a doppelgänger trying to revert the world back to the
hunter-gatherer society where, according to Jaynes, the bicameral mind he is a
product of would have flourished. Gothic literature owes as a major
origin the attempted resolution of Romanticism with the Realism of the
Victorian period. The emerging focus on psychology allowed writers interested
in capturing Realism to still write about the supernatural, but to write about
it as a function of the mind. Freud probably summed up the resulting terror of
this type of writing when he counted himself as the third great shock to the
human self-image after Galileo and Darwin. He said that they proved,
respectively, that we are not the center of the universe nor are we greater
than the animals, but that he proved we are not even in control of our own
unconscious. It is with this assessment of
psychological horror in mind that the cutoff for fiction in this bibliography
is set at 1945. The phenomena in question do exist up through contemporary
writing, but the dropping of the bomb in 1945 seems to have shifted our fears
again—reminding us that there still are things to be afraid of
outside of our minds. The works in Literary Criticism, however, range from
overall discussions of ghosts and doubles in literature, to specific
interpretations of works, to comparative analyses. I have included essays on
works past the 1945 cutoff date specifically for these comparative purposes. Finally,
the Selected Interdisciplinary section attempts to provide essays regarding
ghosts, doppelgängers, and related subjects (such as schizophrenia,
hallucinations, and dualism) in the fields of Psychology, Parapsychology, and
Philosophy. I must acknowledge Dr. Bryan Dietrich,
who first guided me through the fissures and synapses of Gothic Literature
while I was an undergraduate at Newman University, Rob Hein, who since October
of 1999 has acted as my own personal doppelgänger and arch-nemesis, Willis
Library at the University of North Texas for letting me check out books that
weren't supposed to be checked out, The Riverside Perk Coffee Shop in Wichita,
Kansas for sending me the copious amounts of free coffee that helped keep me
from manifesting ghosts myself, and finally to Dr. Peter Shillingsburg who made
this listing possible by teaching me that books of lists of books of lists
truly exist and are quite helpful. Thanks to all. —University of North Texas, Winter 2000 [top] Psychological Ghosts Alden, William L. A
Lost Soul: Being the Confession and Defense of Charles Lindsay.
London: Chatto & Windus, 1892. Alexander, Sigmund B.
"A Dual Life." Ten of Us: Original Stories and Sketches.
Boston: Laughton, Macdonald, 1887. Anon. "The German
Student." Library of the Newest English Novels, Tales, and Poems.
Leipzig: Julius Wunder, 1837. Anon. "The People
of Darkness." Quakes: An Anthology of Uneasy Tales.
London: Philip Allan, 1933. Anstey, F. (pseud. of
Guthrie, Thomas Anstey). The Statement of Stella Maberly, Written by
Herself. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1896. Armstrong, Martin.
"Title of Essay or Chapter." The Bazaar and Other Stories.
London: Jonathan Cape, 1924. Armstrong, Martin.
"The Pipe-Smoker." General Buntop's Miracle and Other
Stories. London: Gollancz, 1934. Atherton, Gertrude.
"The Dead and the Countess." The Bell in the Fog and Other
Stories. New York and London: Harper, 1905. Austin, Frederick
Britten. "The White Dog." On the Borderland. London: Hurst
and Blackett, 1922. Bangs, John Kendrick. Roger
Camerden: A Strange Story. New York: George G. Coombes, 1887. Bates, Arlo.
"Miss Gaylor and Jenny." The Intoxicated Ghost and Other
Stories. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1908. Blackwood, Algernon.
"A Case of Eavesdropping." The Empty House and Other Ghost
Stories. London: Eveleigh Nash, 1906. Blackwood, Algernon,
with Wilfred Wilson. "Chinese Magic." The Wolves of God and
Other Fey Tales. London: Cassell, 1921. Blakeston, Oswell.
"The House Opposite." Crimes, Creeps, and Thrills.
London: E. H. Samuel, 1936. Bloch, Robert.
"One Way to Mars." The Opener of the Way. Sauk
City, Wisc.: Arkham House, 1945. Burke, Thomas. The
Bloomsbury Wonder. London: Mandrake Press, 1929. Capes, Bernard.
"The Petroleuse." The Faubulists. London: Mills
and Boon, 1929. Claxton, A. H.
"They Come for Their Own." Thrills: A Collection of Uneasy
Tales. London: Philip Allan, 1935. Dunsany, Lord.
"The Coronation of Mr. Thomas Shap." A Book of Wonder: A
Chronicle of Little Adventures ad the End of the World. London:
Heinemann, 1912. Gilbert, William
(published anon.). Shirley Hall Asylums; or, The Memoirs of a
Monomaniac. London: Freeman, 1863. Graves, Robert. The
Shout. London: E. Mathews and Marrot, 1929. Harvey, William Fryer.
"The Tool." The Beast with Five Fingers and Other Tales.
London: Dent, 1928. Heard, Henry
Fitzgerald. "The Cat, 'I AM'." The Great Fog and Other Weird
Tales. New York: Vanguard Press, 1944. Houghton, Claude.
"The Madness of Christopher Curlew." Three Fantastic Tales.
London: Frederick C. Joiner, 1934. Howells, William Dean.
Questionable Shapes. New York: Harper, 1903. Hunt, Barbara.
"The Witness." Tales of the Uneasy. London:
Heinemann, 1911. Irving, Washington.
"The Adventure of the German Student." Tales of a Traveler
by Geoffrey Crayon, Gentleman. London: John Murray, 1824. James, Henry. The
Ghostly Tales of Henry James. : Rutgers University Press, 1948. James, M[ontague]
R[hodes]. Ghost Stories of Antiquary. : Edward Arnold, 1904. Kelvington, Neeville.
"Meshes of Doom." Horrors: A Collection of Uneasy Tales.
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S[heridan]. Best Ghost Stories of J. S. Le Fanu. Ed. E.F.
Bleiler. New York: Dover, 1964. London, Jack.
"Eternity of Forms." Turtles of Tasman. New York:
Macmillan, 1916. Lovecraft, H. P.
"The Rats in the Walls." The Outsider and Others.
Sauk City, Wisc.: Arkham House, 1939. Metcalfe, John.
"Face of Bassett." Judas and Other Stories.
London: Constable, 1931. Middleton, Richard,
and G. Dundas. "Murray's Child." Crimes, Creeps, and Thrills.
London: E. H. Samuel, 1936. Onions, Oliver.
"'IO'/The Lost Thyrsus." Widdershins. London:
Martin Secker, 1911. Onions, Oliver.
"Benlian." Widdershins. London: Martin Secker,
1911. Pain, Barry. "The
Diary of God." Stories in the Dark. London: Grant Richards, 1926.
Pain, Barry. "The
Celestial Grocery." In a Canadian Canoe. London: H.
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"The Iron Pineapple." Peacock House and Other Mysteries.
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Elizabeth (published anon.). Sir Rohan's Ghost. Boston: J.
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Moth." The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents. London:
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"Thurlow's Christmas Story." Ghosts I Have Met and Some
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[Henry]. Full Circles. London: Elkin Mathews and Marrot,
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[Henry]. "May Day Eve." The Listener and Other Stories.
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Loring. "A Remarkable Case." The Gold Point and Other
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Loring. "The Cube." The Gold Point and Other Strange Stories.
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Campbell. "Sacred Mirror." Nightmare by Daylight.
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James. "The Ghost at the Blue Dragon." Ghost Gleams: Tales
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Contributing editor Aaron Leis is a writer, editor, and doctoral student in Denton Texas, where he also slings used books in a century-old opera house and enjoys watching Guinness settle.
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